ABSTRACT
Based on Mayo Foundation Medical Education and Research (MFMER), kidney cancer
rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages and currently there are no routine tests used to screen for kidney cancer in the absence of its symptoms. In the later stages, kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include blood in the urine (which may appear pink, red or cola coloured); pain in the back or side that doesn't go away, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, tiredness and fever which usually come and go frequently. The problems that usually occur are some symptoms sometimes go undetected hence early diagnosis of the disease is not available. Therefore, Kidney Cancer Prediction System (KCPS) is proposed to overcome this problem. KCPS is a web-based system that allows users to check their symptoms. Users have to answer the questions given and the system then processes user specific details to check for the symptoms related to kidney cancer. Results from the system will give either early diagnosis of the disease or indicate otherwise. Both the administrator and the users can create, update, delete and retrieve their profile. The technique used for this system is rule-based algorithm where according to certain symptoms; the system will be able to provide early diagnosis of the disease. |
PROJECT BACKGROUND
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade
or spreads to the other parts of the body. These contrast with tumours, which do not spread to
other parts the body (National Cancer Institute, 2014). There are over 100 types of cancer that
affect humans including kidney cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma and
colon cancer. Kidney cancer usually affects adults in their 60s or 70s and is rare in people under
50. It can often be cured if it is discovered early. But a cure probably will not be possible if it
is diagnosed until it has spread beyond the kidney (NHS Direct Wales, 2017).
Kidney cancers mainly originate in two parts of the kidney, the renal tubule and the renal
pelvis. A cancer that starts outside the kidney and metastasizes to the kidney is not normally
called kidney cancer. Around 63,990 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed in the United
States each year, causing over 14,000 deaths annually. In 2017, 40,610 American men and
23,380 women were expected to receive a diagnosis of kidney cancer (Christian Nordqvist,
2018). Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers, affecting about 1 in every 63
people over a lifetime. Worldwide, North America has the highest rate of kidney cancer, but in
developing countries, the incidence has been steadily increasing over the last three decades.
This increase may be linked to a parallel rise in obesity rates, or it could be due to improved
detection and diagnosis (Alpha Prolipsis, 2010).
The annual mortality rate per 100,000 people from kidney cancer in Malaysia has increased
by 92.9% since 1990, an average of 4.0% a year (Health Grove by Graphiq, 2018). For men,
the deadliness of kidney cancer in Malaysia peaks at age 80 and above. It kills men at the lowest
rate at the age of 10-14. At 24.1 deaths per 100,000 men in 2013, the peak mortality rate for
men was higher than that of women, which was 12.9 per 100,000 women. Women are killed at
the highest rate from kidney cancer in Malaysia at the age of 80 and above. It was least deadly
to women at the age 15-19 years old. (Health Grove by Graphiq, 2018)
Kidney cancer is hard to diagnose at the early stage, but early diagnosis gives a better
chance for successful treatment. There are several types of tests used to diagnose kidney cancer
including blood and urine test, imaging test and removing a sample of kidney tissue(biopsy).
Blood and urine test will test the blood and urine that may give the doctor clues about what is
causing the signs and symptoms. Imaging test allows doctors to visualize a kidney tumor or
abnormality. Imaging test might include an ultrasound, a computerized tomography (CT) scan
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In rare cases, doctors may recommend a procedure to
remove a small sample of cells (biopsy) from a suspicious area of the kidney. The sample is
tested in a lab to look for signs of cancer. (Mayo Clinic, 2018)
It is important for people either men or women to take further steps to be aware of changing
of health behaviour or kidney and to know the signs and symptoms of kidney cancer. In my project, a rule-based algorithm is proposed that functions as a reliable decision support system
for kidney cancer prediction.
or spreads to the other parts of the body. These contrast with tumours, which do not spread to
other parts the body (National Cancer Institute, 2014). There are over 100 types of cancer that
affect humans including kidney cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma and
colon cancer. Kidney cancer usually affects adults in their 60s or 70s and is rare in people under
50. It can often be cured if it is discovered early. But a cure probably will not be possible if it
is diagnosed until it has spread beyond the kidney (NHS Direct Wales, 2017).
Kidney cancers mainly originate in two parts of the kidney, the renal tubule and the renal
pelvis. A cancer that starts outside the kidney and metastasizes to the kidney is not normally
called kidney cancer. Around 63,990 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed in the United
States each year, causing over 14,000 deaths annually. In 2017, 40,610 American men and
23,380 women were expected to receive a diagnosis of kidney cancer (Christian Nordqvist,
2018). Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers, affecting about 1 in every 63
people over a lifetime. Worldwide, North America has the highest rate of kidney cancer, but in
developing countries, the incidence has been steadily increasing over the last three decades.
This increase may be linked to a parallel rise in obesity rates, or it could be due to improved
detection and diagnosis (Alpha Prolipsis, 2010).
The annual mortality rate per 100,000 people from kidney cancer in Malaysia has increased
by 92.9% since 1990, an average of 4.0% a year (Health Grove by Graphiq, 2018). For men,
the deadliness of kidney cancer in Malaysia peaks at age 80 and above. It kills men at the lowest
rate at the age of 10-14. At 24.1 deaths per 100,000 men in 2013, the peak mortality rate for
men was higher than that of women, which was 12.9 per 100,000 women. Women are killed at
the highest rate from kidney cancer in Malaysia at the age of 80 and above. It was least deadly
to women at the age 15-19 years old. (Health Grove by Graphiq, 2018)
Kidney cancer is hard to diagnose at the early stage, but early diagnosis gives a better
chance for successful treatment. There are several types of tests used to diagnose kidney cancer
including blood and urine test, imaging test and removing a sample of kidney tissue(biopsy).
Blood and urine test will test the blood and urine that may give the doctor clues about what is
causing the signs and symptoms. Imaging test allows doctors to visualize a kidney tumor or
abnormality. Imaging test might include an ultrasound, a computerized tomography (CT) scan
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In rare cases, doctors may recommend a procedure to
remove a small sample of cells (biopsy) from a suspicious area of the kidney. The sample is
tested in a lab to look for signs of cancer. (Mayo Clinic, 2018)
It is important for people either men or women to take further steps to be aware of changing
of health behaviour or kidney and to know the signs and symptoms of kidney cancer. In my project, a rule-based algorithm is proposed that functions as a reliable decision support system
for kidney cancer prediction.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Cancer is hard to diagnose at the early stage until it comes to stage three or four. People may
have difficulties to go check-ups at hospitals regularly because of lack of time or the doctors
are not available at that time. Some people may also have different types of symptoms and it
is hard to guess whether they have kidney cancer or not. The possible symptoms of kidney
cancer are weight loss that occurs for no known reason, a pain in the side that does not go away,
a loss of appetite, blood in the urine, a lump in the side or abdomen, extreme fatigue, and fever
that lasts for weeks that is not cause by a cold or other infection. In this project, a system will
be developed to predict the early symptoms of kidney cancer so that further actions could be
taken by the users by seeking consultancy from the experts.
have difficulties to go check-ups at hospitals regularly because of lack of time or the doctors
are not available at that time. Some people may also have different types of symptoms and it
is hard to guess whether they have kidney cancer or not. The possible symptoms of kidney
cancer are weight loss that occurs for no known reason, a pain in the side that does not go away,
a loss of appetite, blood in the urine, a lump in the side or abdomen, extreme fatigue, and fever
that lasts for weeks that is not cause by a cold or other infection. In this project, a system will
be developed to predict the early symptoms of kidney cancer so that further actions could be
taken by the users by seeking consultancy from the experts.
OBJECTIVES
To design Kidney Cancer Prediction System(KCPS) which can help users to
predict early signs of kidney cancer.
predict early signs of kidney cancer.
To develop the system using Rule-Based Algorithm.
To test the functionality of the proposed system.
SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
Based on the figure above, it shows the flow of the system. Firstly, a user needs to register
and login to access the Kidney Cancer Prediction System. Data of the users that have been
registered will be saved into the system database. Then, a user need to answer a questionnaire
given to diagnose the cancer based on symptoms they have and then the system will generate
the results.
The system will then give suggestions and based on the diagnostic results of the
users based on their answers of the questionnaire. Users can view their results and the
recommendations given by the system. User can also book for appointment in the system.
Finally, the admin can login into Kidney Cancer Prediction System to view the results of the
user and appointment that has been booked by the users. The admin can also update the
questionnaire whenever required.
and login to access the Kidney Cancer Prediction System. Data of the users that have been
registered will be saved into the system database. Then, a user need to answer a questionnaire
given to diagnose the cancer based on symptoms they have and then the system will generate
the results.
The system will then give suggestions and based on the diagnostic results of the
users based on their answers of the questionnaire. Users can view their results and the
recommendations given by the system. User can also book for appointment in the system.
Finally, the admin can login into Kidney Cancer Prediction System to view the results of the
user and appointment that has been booked by the users. The admin can also update the
questionnaire whenever required.
GALLERY
CONCLUSION
This system is designed as a platform for the users to check their symptoms in relation to kidney cancer by answering a set of questionnaires adopted from Cancer Care Ontario. This system will provide suggestions to users based on their results and allow the users to share their health-related issues for kidney cancer.
STUDENT PROFILE
PREPARED BY:
NIK MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN NIK RAHIM
SUPERVISOR:
PUAN HASNI BINTI HASSAN
COURSE:
BACHELOR SCIENCE COMPUTER SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT (HONS)
INSTITUTION:
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UNISZA)
EMAIL:
[email protected]
NIK MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN NIK RAHIM
SUPERVISOR:
PUAN HASNI BINTI HASSAN
COURSE:
BACHELOR SCIENCE COMPUTER SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT (HONS)
INSTITUTION:
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UNISZA)
EMAIL:
[email protected]